Rabu, 13 April 2011

Sejarah Panjang Asal-Usul Ditemukannya Ponsel

Ponsel tidak bisa lagi dipisahkan dengan kehidupan kita sehari-hari. Jika jaman dulu ponsel merupakan kebutuhan tersier, sekarang ini bisa saja ponsel telah menjadi kebutuhan basic.
Namun, banyak dari kita tidak tahu menahu bagaimana sejarah munculnya ponsel dan perkembangannya saat ini yang sangat pesat. Mungkin penjelasan sejarah ponsel ini lebih mirip dengan pelajaran science di sekolah dasar, namun penulis yakin banyak yang ambil manfaat, karena industri ini begitu mencengangkan.
Sejarah Penemuan Ponsel
Sejarah dimulai pada tahun 1908, dimana waktu itu Amerika Serikat memberi paten khusus kepada Nathan B Stubblefield atas penemuan teknologi telepon radio versi pertama. Tahun 1926 kereta api Berlin - Hamburg berhasil menyediakan telepon radio bagi penumpangnya, yang selanjutnya teknologi ini digunakan secara luas oleh Jerman untuk kepentingan perang dunia kedua.
Paska perang dunia kedua, telepon radio digunakan untuk kepentingan-kepentingan khusus. Tahun 1969 Amerika Serikat menerbitkan lisensi kepada operator penyelenggara layanan ponsel, namun hanya bisa menerima panggilan saja. Layanan ponsel komersial pertama diluncurkan oleh ARP Finlandia pada tahun 1971, yang selanjunya disebut sebagai generasi 0.
Ponsel generasi 0 (0G) tidak bisa bergerak bebas seperti yang bisa kita nikmati saat ini, karena setiap hubungan telepon hanya bisa di kelola oleh satu cell saja, tidak bisa bergerak ke cell lainnya. Adalah Amos E Joel Jr yang menemukan konsep handoff pada tahun 1971, yang memungkinkan komunikasi dengan ponsel bergerak melalui beberapa cell tanpa terputus. Disisi lain, setelah sekian waktu bersaing dengan Bell, akhirnya handphone modern pertama ditemukan tahun 1973 oleh Martin Cooper, seorang peneliti Motorolla, yang kemudian diberi nama Motorolla DynaTAC 8000X. Penemuan tersebut di patenkan di Amerika Serikat tanggal 17 Oktober 1973.
Di Indonesia sendiri baru menerapkan kecanggihan teknologi komunikasi tersebut belasan tahun kemudian. Dimulai pada tahun 1984 teknologi seluler pertama kali hadir di Indonesia dengan berbasis teknologi Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT).

Di tahun 1985-1992 ponsel mulai beredar di Indonesia,namun tidak bisa di masukkan kedalam saku baju atau celana karena bentuknya yang besar dan panjang,dengan berat rata2 430gram (hampir setengah kilogram).

Harga ponselnya juga tidak murah,berkisar diatas 10 juta per unit.Di tahun ini pula baru dikenal dua teknologi seluler yaitu NMT-470,modifikasi NMT-450.

Di akhir 1993 PT Telkom memulai proyek percontohan seluler digital Global System for Mobile (GSM),dimulai di dua pulau,yakni Pulau Batam dan Pulau Bintan. Di tahun 1994 PT Satelit Palapa Indonesia (Satelindo) beroperasi sebagai operator GSM pertama di Indonesia,dengan mengawali kegiatan operasinya di Jakarta dan sekitarnya

Karena GSM menggunakan kartu SIM,maka hal itu aman dari penggandaan dan penyadapan serta mutu prima dan jangkauan luas.

Tahun 1995 proyek Telkom di Batam berlangsung sukses dan di lanjutkan ke provinsi-provinsi di Sumatra,lalu menjadikan Telkomsel pada 26 mei 1995 sebagai operator GSM nasional bersama Satelindo.

Kemudian di Tahun 1996 Telkomsel dengan produk kartu Halo-nya sukses di Medan,Surabaya,Bandung,dan Denpasar,kemudian masuk Jakarta.Di penghujung tahun 1996 ini pula,PT.Excelcomindo Pratama (Excelcom) berbasis GSM beroperasi di Jakarta sebagai operator GSM ke tiga di Indonesia.Setelah itu di tahun 1998 Excelcom meluncurkan kartu prabayar Pro-XL yang memberi alternatif bagi konsumen untuk memilih dengan layanan roaming.Satelindo menyusul Telkomsel dan Excelcom dengan meluncurkan kartu prabayar mentari,dengan keunggulan tarif dihitung perdetik,sehingga dalam waktu singkat menjaring lebih 100.00 pelanggan.

Layanan pesan singkat,mulai di perkenalkan pada tahun 2000,dan menjadi fenomena di kalangan pengguna ponsel,karena sangat praktis dan murah biayanya.Di tahun ini pula PT.Indosat dan PT.Telkom mendapat lisensi sebagai operator GSM 1800 nasional.Layanan seluler kedua BUMN itu kemudian beroperasi pada tanggal 1 Agustus tahun 2001.Babak baru bertelekomunikasi berlanjut di tahun 2003,yaitu dengan hadirnya Telkom Flexi,yang mengusung teknologi CDMA 2000 1X,kemudian di belakang Flexi ada Esia dari Bakrie Telecom,Fren & Hepi dari Mobile8,Star One dari Indosat,Smart dari Lippo Telecom,dan terakhir Ceria dari Sampoerna Telecom.

Kemudian ponsel-ponsel yang masuk ke Indonesia juga sejalan dengan perkembangan operator2 seluler yang telah disebutkan di atas.Kehadiran ponsel di Indonesia dimulai dari generasi kedua(berdasarkan pengetahuan kami),sampai generasi ke empat (yang sekarang banyak beredar di pasaran).Berikut ulasan singkat tentang generasi ponsel tersebut :

Ponsel Generasi Pertama (1G)
Yang membedakan jaringan ponsel generasi pertama dengan sebelumnya (0G) adalah penggunaan multi cell dan kemampuan untuk memindahkan sambungan yang masih berlangsung dari satu cell ke cell lainnya tanpa terputus (handoff). NTT Jepang tercatat sebagai penyedia layanan ponsel komersial pertama yang menggunakan jaringa 1G pada tahun 1979, dengan teknologi Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS). Jaringan 1G lainnya adalah Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) yang diluncurkan kemudian Denmark, Finladia dan Norwegia. Tahun 1983 jaringan 1G telah meluas ke UK, Mexico, Canada, dan Amerika Serikat.

Ponsel Generasi Kedua (2G):

Ponsel generasi ini juga biasa disebut 2G hadir pada pertengahan 1990-an.Beroperasi pada jaringan GSM dengan menggunakan frekuensi standar 900 Mhz dan frekuensi 1800 Mhz.Pada generasi ini sinyal analog telah di ubah dengan sinyal digital.Penggunaan sinyal digital melengkapi ponsel dengan pesan suara,panggilan tunggu dan SMS.

Ponsel Generasi Ketiga (3G):

Ponsel generasi ini juga disebut 3G, fiturnya adalah memungkinkan operator jaringan untuk memberi para pengguna ponsel ini memiliki jangkauan yang lebih luas,termasuk internet dan Video call berteknologi tinggi. Dalam 3G terdapat 3 standar untuk dunia telekomunikasi yaitu Enhance Datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Wideband-CDMA, dan CDMA 2000. Kelemahan dari generasi 3G ini adalah biaya yang relatif lebih tinggi, dan kurangnya cakupan jaringan karena masih barunya teknologi ini.

Ponsel Generasi Keempat (4G):

Ponsel generasi ini juga disebut 4G.4G merupakan sistem ponsel yang menawarkan babak baru dan solusi infrastruktur yang mengintegrasikan teknologi wireless yang telah ada termasuk wireless broadband (WiBro),CDMA, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, dll.Sistem 4G berdasarkan keragaman jaringan IP,yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk menggunakan beragam system kapan saja dan dimana saja.

4G juga memberikan penggunanya kecepatan tinggi, volume tinggi, kualitas baik, jangkauan global, dan fleksibilitas utnuk menjelajahi berbagai teknologi berbeda. Terakhir,4G memberikan pelayanan pengiriman data cepat untuk mengakomodasi berbagai aplikasi multimedia seperti, video conferencing, game on-line, dan lainnya.

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